The CNRS's strategies to reduce the environmental footprint of its purchasing

The CNRS's second greenhouse gas emissions assessment (BEGES) published at the end of 2024 pinpointed the organisation's main carbon impact factor. Purchasing of consumables, scientific equipment and services was found to be the main source of emissions, accounting for 85% of the CNRS's greenhouse gas emissions and far ahead of energy consumption (6%), missions (6%) and travel to work (3%). The organisation is well aware of the work that still needs to be done to reduce the environmental footprint linked to purchasing while maintaining the quality of its research. Thus, at the start of 2025, the CNRS published its Overall Sustainable Development and Social Responsibility Plan which advocates "prioritising actions to control the most impactful purchasing segments". Through its various component parts, France's foremost research organisation possesses a number of levers to work towards sustainable scientific purchasing that can be adapted to work on all scales.

Training to purchase better

The first lever remains awareness-raising for purchasing decision-makers in laboratories. The Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace's (IPSL1 ) introduction of an initial decision tree on missions a few years back successfully contributed to the modal shift of its staff's travel preferences from air to rail. The IPSL brings together and coordinates climate science research forces in the Paris region and has now followed up this successful decision tree with a version focusing on the purchasing of all types of equipment. There are twelve possible choices and one alone leads to the purchase of new equipment while all the others promote second-hand purchases (notably from the CNRS equipment exchange scheme), reuse or repair. Stéphanie Boniface is the IPSL's project officer for the environmental footprint of French Higher Education and Research. She stresses the educational value of this tool, explaining that "this isn't a coercive decision tree, it's incentivizing and encourages our colleagues to think about whether a purchase is worthwhile".

Actually, as Sébastien Turci, head of the CNRS's Purchasing and Innovation Office (DDAI) points out, the manufacturing phase for a purchase of equipment accounts for the most greenhouse gas emissions2 . Consequently, repairing and maintaining scientific equipment and extending its lifespan before replacement are among the ways of reducing the environmental footprint of purchasing without significantly straining the budgets of research laboratories. Sébastien Turci explains that "maintenance guarantees on equipment cost the least at the moment of purchase and people have more scruples about replacing equipment that is still being maintained". The DDAI's director therefore invites laboratories to "make sure that part of the purchasing budget covers the guarantee, several years of maintenance and purchasing spare parts over several years so the next purchase of equipment can be put off as long as possible".

The CNRS, the Inserm and the Inrae3  are working along these lines with the National Research Agency (ANR) to promote sobriety incentives (bonuses for efforts to reuse or pool equipment, etc.) as an alternative to new purchases for research projects and to advocate for the inclusion of a section on a project's environmental impact. Similarly, the CNRS's position paper includes the recommendation that environmental issues be integrated into the assessment of research projects. This approach is fully in line with the Heidelberg agreement for sustainable science, of which the ANR and the CNRS are signatories.

• 1CEA / CNRS / École des Ponts / École Polytechnique / IRD / Sorbonne University / University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines.
• 2Manufacturing can represent over 80% of the overall carbon footprint for IT equipment, for example.
• 3French National Institute of Health and Medical Research and the National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment.

Responsible purchasing

Over and above national and European calls for projects, since May 2023 – three years ahead of public sector regulations – the organisation has required an environmental criterion to be included in all its formal public procurement contracts. To provide staff members working on purchasing with the best support possible for the implementation of this new measure, the DDAI has set up a collaborative sustainable development space developed collectively by a group of purchasers from the CNRS's seventeen regional offices and the shared department in the Île-de-France region which it was mainly initially intended for. To find the right environmental clauses that are adapted to their contracts and answer their questions on sourcing, these purchasers can share instructions, reference documents, guidelines and proposals for environmental clauses and criteria to help facilitate the implementation of the CNRS's pioneering decision on this. In this context, the aim of sharing information and best practices is intended to "provide better support for laboratory purchasing advisors" and show "that action opportunities are possible at every stage of the life cycle of a purchase – from eco-design to waste management and also including maintenance, delivery and consumption", explains Aurore Debono, the DDAI's study officer and advisor on public procurement and purchasing techniques.

This kind of tool is all the more valuable given that in early 2025 the CNRS reached a milestone in its commitment to responsible purchasing with the publication of its first scheme to promote socially and environmentally responsible purchasing (Spaser)1 . Aurore Debono considers this plan to mark "the culmination of a strong policy implemented by the CNRS for several years which has translated into a number of actions taken by the DDAI". She calls Spaser "a key document to guide purchasers in their work". The CNRS's own Spaser also integrates an integrity requirement for suppliers and reaffirming the demands of probity that apply to CNRS as well as the environmental and social responsibility requirements.

• 1Spasers are organised strategic documents that enable organisations to define its purchasing policy to integrate the three pillars of sustainable development - social, environmental and economic development. These three pillars are the basis for public sector stakeholders to define priorities for their territory or entity with supporting target objectives. These objectives are measured by a number of indicators that monitor progress towards achieving them by pre-defined deadlines.

Evaluating the environmental impact of purchasing 

A method exists that enables users to carry out an in-depth analysis the socio-technical processes underpinning any purchase. Life cycle analysis (LCA) calculates a product's environmental footprint from the extraction of raw materials at the start of its life to waste processing at the end. CNRS Engineering's (one of the ten CNRS Institutes) direct interactions with industrial applications led it to set up an LCA-dedicated support and research unit (UAR) recently. By the end of 2026, the new UAR, Utopii1 , aims to formalise a quantified, multi-criteria method for the assessment of research projects that takes into account the impact of research results in the framework of a forward-planning approach as well research activities in general, including purchasing. "As such LCA is not over-demanding but it can support organisations in the reorganisation of production chains to enhance their environmental performance levels", explains Myriam Saadé, Utopii's director. To back up her point, she cites the restructuring of the photovoltaic industry to cut greenhouse gas emissions from photovoltaic modules as evidence. "The quantification of the BEGES through simplified carbon assessments has helped transform production chains by promoting certain technologies with lower greenhouse gas emissions", explains Myriam Saadé.

LCA could also help the whole of the CNRS to quantify the carbon impact of its purchases more accurately. In the absence of a precise estimate of purchases made, the CNRS's BEGES is based on the monetary volume of purchases. This is assessed using the 'Purchases' module from the GES 1Point5 tool developed by the similarly-named Labos 1point5 research network (GDR) which associates an emission factor with each purchase identified under the nomenclature used by research organisations. The method has the merit of actually estimating a laboratory's greenhouse gas emissions on the basis of its expenditure but it does not distinguish between similar items of equipment with different carbon footprints. To counter any uncertainty on this point, Stéphane Guillot, the CNRS's scientific officer for sustainable development and risks, assures that "the CNRS is working with Labos 1Point5 to substitute physical emission factors based on the actual environmental characteristics of purchases for monetary emissions factors, which are useful but imperfect". A working group has been set up to work along these lines at the level of the Ministry of Higher Education and Research with Utopii and the CNRS among those contributing.

All these initiatives make Stéphane Guillot pretty optimistic. "We can do quality science and keep our purchasing under control. Our objective now is to strike the right balance between optimising our carbon footprint and keeping our research at the highest international level".

• 1Transdisciplinary unit which works on the orientation of and forecasting for the environmental impact of engineering research (Aix-Marseille University / CNRS / Ensa / École des Ponts / Insa / Sorbonne University).